一、什么是时态？
英语的时态（Tense）就是告诉我们动作发生的时间。
中文里我们靠时间词来区分，比如"昨天""正在""将要"。但英语不同，英语通过动词的变化来表达时间。同一个动词，加了不同的后缀或助动词，就表示不同的时间。
我每天吃苹果 → 一般现在时
我昨天吃了苹果 → 一般过去时
我正在吃苹果 → 现在进行时
我已经吃了苹果 → 现在完成时
英语一共有16 种时态，但初中阶段主要掌握8 种常用时态就够了！下面我们逐一攻克。
二、一般现在时（Simple Present）
用法：表示经常性、习惯性的动作，或客观事实。
标志词：always（总是）, usually（通常）, often（经常）, sometimes（有时）, every day（每天）, on weekends（在周末）
I go to school every day.
我每天去上学。
She likes reading books.
她喜欢看书。
The sun rises in the east.
太阳从东方升起。（客观事实）
I like → He likes | I go → She goes | I study → It studies
三、一般过去时（Simple Past）
用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
标志词：yesterday（昨天）, last week（上周）, ... ago（……以前）, in 2020（在2020年）, just now（刚才）
I went to the park yesterday.
我昨天去了公园。
She didn't watch TV last night.
她昨晚没看电视。
Did you finish your homework?
你完成作业了吗？
go → went | eat → ate | see → saw | do → did | take → took
四、一般将来时（Simple Future）
用法：表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
标志词：tomorrow（明天）, next week（下周）, in the future（将来）, soon（很快）
I will visit my grandma tomorrow.
我明天要去看奶奶。
It is going to rain this afternoon.
今天下午会下雨。
We aren't going to have a meeting next week.
我们下周不开会。
will：临时决定、预测 → I will help you.（我来帮你。）
be going to：计划好的、有迹象的 → I'm going to be a doctor.（我打算当医生。）
五、现在进行时（Present Continuous）
用法：表示现在正在进行的动作。
标志词：now（现在）, right now（就是现在）, look!（看！）, listen!（听！）, at the moment（此刻）
I am reading a book now.
我现在正在读一本书。
Look! The cat is climbing the tree.
看！那只猫正在爬树。
They are playing basketball.
他们正在打篮球。
一般直接加 -ing：play → playing
去 e 加 -ing：make → making, write → writing
双写辅音加 -ing：run → running, swim → swimming
六、过去进行时（Past Continuous）
用法：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
标志词：at 8:00 yesterday（昨天八点）, at that time（那时）, when...（当……的时候）, while...（在……期间）
I was doing my homework at 8:00 last night.
昨晚八点我正在做作业。
While I was walking home, it started to rain.
我在走回家的路上时，天开始下雨了。
They were watching TV when I called.
我打电话的时候他们正在看电视。
七、现在完成时（Present Perfect）
用法：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或从过去持续到现在的动作。
标志词：already（已经）, yet（还没）, just（刚刚）, ever（曾经）, never（从不）, since（自从）, for（持续……）
I have finished my homework.
我已经完成作业了。（结果是现在作业写完了）
She has lived here for 10 years.
她在这里住了十年了。（从过去持续到现在）
Have you ever been to Beijing?
你去过北京吗？
❌ I have finished my homework yesterday.
✅ I finished my homework yesterday.（用一般过去时）
八、过去完成时（Past Perfect）
用法：表示在过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作（"过去的过去"）。
标志词：by the time...（到……时候为止）, before...（在……之前）, after...（在……之后）, by the end of...（到……末为止）
I had left before he arrived.
在他到达之前我已经离开了。
By the time I got to the station, the train had gone.
当我到达车站时，火车已经走了。
She said she had seen the movie before.
她说她以前看过这部电影。
九、过去将来时（Past Future）
用法：站在过去的某个时间点，展望将来要发生的事。常用于宾语从句中。
He said he would come the next day.
他说他第二天会来。
I thought it was going to rain.
我以为要下雨了。
She told me she would be a teacher.
她告诉我她想当一名老师。
十、八大时态总结表
| 时态 | 结构 | 标志词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | do/does | every day, always | I go to school every day. |
| 一般过去时 | did | yesterday, ago | I went to school yesterday. |
| 一般将来时 | will do | tomorrow, next week | I will go to school tomorrow. |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are + doing | now, look! | I am going to school now. |
| 过去进行时 | was/were + doing | at that time, while | I was going to school at 8:00. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has + done | already, yet, for, since | I have gone to school. |
| 过去完成时 | had + done | by the time, before | I had gone when he came. |
| 过去将来时 | would do | （常跟在said后面） | He said he would go. |
🧠 课后小练习
试试看，用正确的时态填空：
- He _______ (go) to school every day.
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goes（一般现在时，第三人称单数） - I _______ (watch) TV at 8:00 last night.
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was watching（过去进行时） - She _______ (finish) her homework already.
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has finished（现在完成时） - They _______ (visit) the museum tomorrow.
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will visit（一般将来时） - By the time I arrived, the movie _______ (start).
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had started（过去完成时，"过去的过去"）