📑 文章目录
一、什么是定语从句?
定语从句(Attributive Clause)就是用来修饰名词或代词的从句,相当于一个"超级形容词"。
简单句:The boy is my friend.(那个男孩是我的朋友。)—— boy 范围太广
加定语:The boy in red is my friend.(穿红衣服的男孩是我的朋友。)—— 范围缩小
加定语从句:The boy who is wearing red is my friend.(穿红衣服的那个男孩是我的朋友。)—— 更具体
核心结构:先行词 + 关系词 + 从句
二、关系代词 who / which / that
用法:在从句中作主语或宾语,指代人。
The man who is talking to my teacher is my father.
正在和我老师说话的那个人是我爸爸。(who 在从句中作主语)
The girl who/whom you met yesterday is my sister.
你昨天遇到的那个女孩是我妹妹。(who/whom 在从句中作宾语)
用法:在从句中作主语或宾语,指代物或动物。
This is the book which I bought yesterday.
这就是我昨天买的书。(which 在从句中作宾语)
The dog which is sleeping under the tree is mine.
正在树下睡觉的那只狗是我的。(which 在从句中作主语)
用法:that 既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
The student that won the first prize is from Class 3.
获得一等奖的那个学生来自三班。(that 指人)
This is the pen that I lost last week.
这就是我上周丢的那支钢笔。(that 指物)
1. 先行词是不定代词(all, everything, nothing, something 等)
2. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰
3. 先行词既有人又有物
三、whose 和 whom 的用法
用法:表示所属关系,既可指人也可指物,相当于"先行词's"。
The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.
那个爸爸是医生的男孩学习很努力。(= the boy's father)
I live in a room whose window faces south.
我住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。(= the room's window)
用法:在从句中作宾语,只能指人,比较正式。
The teacher whom we respect very much will retire next month.
我们非常尊敬的那位老师下个月要退休了。
The girl to whom you spoke is my classmate.
你和她说话的那个女孩是我同学。(介词提前时用 whom)
The man (who/that) I met yesterday is a doctor.
四、限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句
| 对比项 | 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 |
|---|---|---|
| 逗号 | 不用逗号隔开 | 必须用逗号隔开 |
| 作用 | 限定先行词,去掉后意思不完整 | 补充说明,去掉后意思仍完整 |
| that | 可以用 that | 不能用 that |
| 翻译 | 常译成"……的" | 常译成并列分句 |
限制性:People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
住在玻璃房子里的人不应该扔石头。(限定"哪些人")
非限制性:My brother, who lives in Beijing, is coming to visit me.
我哥哥住在北京,他要来看我。(补充说明,我只有一个哥哥)
1. 非限制性定语从句不能用 that 引导
2. 非限制性定语从句可以修饰整个句子
例:He failed the exam, which surprised everyone.(which 指代前面整个句子)
五、关系副词 where / when / why
关系副词在从句中作状语,相当于"介词 + which"。
用法:在从句中作地点状语,相当于 "in/at which"。
This is the school where I studied for three years.
这就是我学习了三年多的学校。(= in which)
I still remember the day when I first came to this city.
我仍然记得我第一次来到这座城市的那一天。(= on which)
用法:在从句中作时间状语,相当于 "in/on/at which"。
Do you remember the time when we first met?
你还记得我们第一次见面的时候吗?
There are occasions when one must yield.
人总有不得不让步的时候。
用法:在从句中作原因状语,先行词通常是 reason,相当于 "for which"。
The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus.
他迟到的原因是他错过了公交车。
That is the reason why I don't like him.
这就是我不喜欢他的原因。
The reason is that he is too busy.(不是 why)
六、常见考点和易错点
可以省略的情况:关系代词在从句中作宾语时
The book (that/which) I bought is interesting.(作宾语,可省略)
我买的那本书很有趣。
The man who/that came yesterday is my uncle.(作主语,不能省略)
昨天来的那个人是我叔叔。
规则:介词提前时,指人用 whom,指物用 which。
The girl with whom you shook hands is our monitor.
你和她握手的那个女孩是我们班长。(= who/whom you shook hands with)
This is the house in which I was born.
这就是我出生的房子。(= which I was born in)
1. 先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything 等不定代词
All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子。)
2. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词既有人又有物
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
七、课后练习
🧠 选择正确的关系词填空
- The man _______ is talking to my mother is my teacher.
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who/that(指人,作主语) - This is the book _______ I told you about.
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which/that/不填(指物,作宾语) - The girl _______ mother is a nurse is my deskmate.
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whose(表示所属关系) - Do you know the reason _______ he didn't come?
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why(先行词是 reason,作原因状语) - This is the factory _______ my father works.
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where/in which(指地点,作地点状语)