一、什么是定语从句?

定语从句(Attributive Clause)就是用来修饰名词或代词的从句,相当于一个"超级形容词"。

💡 对比理解

简单句:The boy is my friend.(那个男孩是我的朋友。)—— boy 范围太广

加定语:The boy in red is my friend.(穿红衣服的男孩是我的朋友。)—— 范围缩小

加定语从句:The boy who is wearing red is my friend.(穿红衣服的那个男孩是我的朋友。)—— 更具体

核心结构:先行词 + 关系词 + 从句

🌟 记忆口诀:定语从句像尾巴,跟在名词后面跑;关系词是连接桥,指人指物要记牢。

二、关系代词 who / which / that

1. who —— 指人

用法:在从句中作主语或宾语,指代人。

📝 例句

The man who is talking to my teacher is my father.

正在和我老师说话的那个人是我爸爸。(who 在从句中作主语)


The girl who/whom you met yesterday is my sister.

你昨天遇到的那个女孩是我妹妹。(who/whom 在从句中作宾语)

2. which —— 指物

用法:在从句中作主语或宾语,指代物或动物。

📝 例句

This is the book which I bought yesterday.

这就是我昨天买的书。(which 在从句中作宾语)


The dog which is sleeping under the tree is mine.

正在树下睡觉的那只狗是我的。(which 在从句中作主语)

3. that —— 指人或指物

用法:that 既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。

📝 例句

The student that won the first prize is from Class 3.

获得一等奖的那个学生来自三班。(that 指人)


This is the pen that I lost last week.

这就是我上周丢的那支钢笔。(that 指物)

⚠️ 注意:以下情况只能用 that,不能用 which:
1. 先行词是不定代词(all, everything, nothing, something 等)
2. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰
3. 先行词既有人又有物

三、whose 和 whom 的用法

1. whose —— 表示"……的"

用法:表示所属关系,既可指人也可指物,相当于"先行词's"。

📝 例句

The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.

那个爸爸是医生的男孩学习很努力。(= the boy's father)


I live in a room whose window faces south.

我住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。(= the room's window)

2. whom —— 指人(宾格)

用法:在从句中作宾语,只能指人,比较正式。

📝 例句

The teacher whom we respect very much will retire next month.

我们非常尊敬的那位老师下个月要退休了。


The girl to whom you spoke is my classmate.

你和她说话的那个女孩是我同学。(介词提前时用 whom)

💡 提示:口语中 whom 常被 who 或 that 代替,甚至可以省略。
The man (who/that) I met yesterday is a doctor.

四、限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句

对比项 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
逗号 不用逗号隔开 必须用逗号隔开
作用 限定先行词,去掉后意思不完整 补充说明,去掉后意思仍完整
that 可以用 that 不能用 that
翻译 常译成"……的" 常译成并列分句
📝 对比例句

限制性:People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

住在玻璃房子里的人不应该扔石头。(限定"哪些人")


非限制性:My brother, who lives in Beijing, is coming to visit me.

我哥哥住在北京,他要来看我。(补充说明,我只有一个哥哥)

⚠️ 重要区别:
1. 非限制性定语从句不能用 that 引导
2. 非限制性定语从句可以修饰整个句子
例:He failed the exam, which surprised everyone.(which 指代前面整个句子)

五、关系副词 where / when / why

关系副词在从句中作状语,相当于"介词 + which"。

1. where —— 指地点

用法:在从句中作地点状语,相当于 "in/at which"。

📝 例句

This is the school where I studied for three years.

这就是我学习了三年多的学校。(= in which)


I still remember the day when I first came to this city.

我仍然记得我第一次来到这座城市的那一天。(= on which)

2. when —— 指时间

用法:在从句中作时间状语,相当于 "in/on/at which"。

📝 例句

Do you remember the time when we first met?

你还记得我们第一次见面的时候吗?


There are occasions when one must yield.

人总有不得不让步的时候。

3. why —— 指原因

用法:在从句中作原因状语,先行词通常是 reason,相当于 "for which"。

📝 例句

The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus.

他迟到的原因是他错过了公交车。


That is the reason why I don't like him.

这就是我不喜欢他的原因。

💡 注意:reason 作主语时,表语从句用 that 不用 why:
The reason is that he is too busy.(不是 why)

六、常见考点和易错点

易错点 1:关系词的省略

可以省略的情况:关系代词在从句中作宾语时

📝 例句

The book (that/which) I bought is interesting.(作宾语,可省略)

我买的那本书很有趣。


The man who/that came yesterday is my uncle.(作主语,不能省略)

昨天来的那个人是我叔叔。

易错点 2:介词 + 关系代词

规则:介词提前时,指人用 whom,指物用 which。

📝 例句

The girl with whom you shook hands is our monitor.

你和她握手的那个女孩是我们班长。(= who/whom you shook hands with)


This is the house in which I was born.

这就是我出生的房子。(= which I was born in)

易错点 3:只用 that 不用 which 的情况
📝 总结

1. 先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything 等不定代词

All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子。)


2. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰

This is the best film that I have ever seen.


3. 先行词既有人又有物

They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.

七、课后练习

🧠 选择正确的关系词填空

  1. The man _______ is talking to my mother is my teacher.
    查看答案who/that(指人,作主语)
  2. This is the book _______ I told you about.
    查看答案which/that/不填(指物,作宾语)
  3. The girl _______ mother is a nurse is my deskmate.
    查看答案whose(表示所属关系)
  4. Do you know the reason _______ he didn't come?
    查看答案why(先行词是 reason,作原因状语)
  5. This is the factory _______ my father works.
    查看答案where/in which(指地点,作地点状语)
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